Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Dr Strangelove essays

Dr Strangelove essays I thought the film was good. I thought that it was good because the humor in it is timeless. It was funny when it was made, it is funny now, it will still be funny in the future. The bad part about it was the editing. I thought it was a little on the long side and that some parts were dragged on. I believe that that scenario, or one like it, was ever possible. I think that it was over exaggerated to the point where it was unrealistic. I think the idea of a doomsday device was definitely considered in the period between the 50s and 60s. There was a lot of technological competition at that time. Im sure that even the most extreme of ideas, such as a doomsday device, were considered. Dr. Strangelove defines the purpose of deterrence as a way to scare the other countries away and a way to lessen the chance of getting attacked. Yes it is accurate because the dictionary defines it as measures taken by a state or an alliance of states to prevent hostile action by another state. The U.S. and Russia have always been competing for advances in nuclear power. There would be an open battle if either were to attack the other. This is different from the opening of the film. Kubrick made fun of the Cold War mentality by over exaggerating the suspicion and measures willing to be taken between the United States and U.S.S.R . An example of the suspicion is when the ambassador is taking pictures of the plans with his tiny camera. The ending scene in the War Room when Dr. Strangelove reveals his idea and the Americans start to consider it shows the extreme measures. I do not believe that General Ripper was gay. Ripper blames his incapability to perform with women on the communists and wants to get them back for taking over his bodily fluids. I think that Kubrick wanted to show the absurdity of things that were blamed on communists. Just because Ripper cant perform with wom...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Definition of Copulative Verb in Spanish

Definition of Copulative Verb in Spanish Copulative verbs are among the most useful verbs in Spanish. Unlike verbs that are used to express an action, copulative verbs are used to indicate that a noun coming before the verb is equal to or has characteristics of the word or words following the verb. Definition of Copulative Verb A copulative verb is one that connects the subject of a sentence with a noun (or noun phrase) that is the equivalent of the subject or an adjective that describes the subject. Copulative verbs denote a state of being and, with the exception of verbs such as to become that express a change in state of being, usually dont express action. You can think of a copulative verb as something like an equals sign: What comes before the verb refers to the same person or thing that comes after it. Note that in Spanish, the subject of a verb doesnt have to be explicitly stated. In the sentence, the subject in Nosotros estamos felices (We are happy) can be deleted without any change in meaning, making Estamos felices. The copulative verb for both sentences is estamos. A copulative verb is also known as a linking verb, copular verb, or copula. The equivalent terms in Spanish are verbo copulativo or verbo de unià ³n. The Three Main Copular Verb of Spanish In Spanish, traditionally the three main copulative verbs are ser, estar and parecer. Ser and estar are usually translated as to be, while parecer usually means to seem. Both be and seem often are copulative in English as well. These verbs are copulative verbs only when they performing a linking purpose. All three, especially estar, have other uses as well. Copulative verbs can be used in all tenses and moods. Examples of the three verbs being used as copulas: Mi hermana es estudiante. (My sister is a student.)No somos una repà ºblica bananera. (Were not a banana republic. In this example, the subject nosotros isnt explicitly stated.)Los mexicanos fueron superiores a nosotros. (The Mexicans were superior to us.)Espero que la comida està © sabrosa. (I hope the food will be tasty.)Mi madre estuvo casada. (My mother was married.)Estamos muy agradecidas. (Were very grateful.)La casa parece triste y vacà ­a sin ella. (The house seems sad and empty without her.)Me parece muy difà ­cil. (It seems very difficult to me. The subject is not explicitly stated.)Pablo me parecà ­a muy guapo. (Pablo seemed very handsome to me.) Other Copulative Verbs Other verbs, such as those that express feelings, appearances, or the action of becoming, can also act as copulas: Sus ojos semejan los de un perro. (Its eyes resemble those of a dog.)Los pobres permanecen pobres y los ricos permanecen ricos. (The poor stay poor and the rich stay rich.)Me siento enojado cuando no me hablas. (I feel angry when you dont speak to me.)El senador se mostraba complaciente. (The senator seemed complacent.)A los 40 aà ±os, Elena se volvià ³ doctora. (At the age of 40, Elena became a doctor.)La oruga se convirtià ³ en mariposa. (The caterpillar became a butterfly.)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Company Law and Virtue Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Law and Virtue Ethics - Essay Example A promoter main duty is to offer sufficient funding or capital for the company and to ensure that all the formalities required by the statute of incorporation are met. The promoters have a fiduciary duty to the company and its shareholders. The promoters cannot use secret corporate information for their personal gain or advantage. Becky and Asif can sue Candy to reclaim the gift of Rex 2010 for breach of fiduciary duties. Promoters normally owe fiduciary duties to the company that they are forming. They should thus disclose any profit they are making from the promotion either to the company shareholders or to an independent board. The company may sue a promoter for disgorgement of the profit and for rescission in case there is a breach of duty. Becky and Asif can also replace Candy as a shareholder because the gift of Rex 2010 created a conflict of interest between Candy and the company. When shareholders have a conflict with the decision taken by one of the employees, he or she can be changed or replaced in accordance with its articles or the pertinent law provisions. Furthermore, a company enjoys an independent existence and is used by shareholders to achieve the shareholder's economic purposes. The company can thus be used as a means of replacing or seeking compensation from Candy because she created a risk of loss of compensation for the company. The gift was a business courtesy- it was a gift from a client. Before accepting the gift, Candy should have informed the other partners and not kept the gift for personal use, instead, she created a conflict of interest by having a business relationship with Yienshiu. The most imperative character of Candy’s job was not to acquire a secret gain at the expense of the company. Candy-a promoter- had a legal obligation not to make secret proceeds from promoting the company without the consent of the other promoters (Tengku Abdullah v Mohd Latiff bin Shah Mohd,[1996] 2 MLJ 265). She also had the legal duty of dis closing to the Company about the gift by Yienshiu. She was not transparent in her dealings with the other shareholders and thus did not remain true to her fiduciary duties (Fairview Schools Sdn. Bhd v Indrani a/p Rajaratnam (No1)[1998] 1 MLJ 110). The rights of the two shareholders-Becky & Asif- were harmed by an act done to the company, it is to the company that they should look to institute appropriate action because though the company and shareholders suffered the same wrong, it is only the two shareholders right that was infringed. Candy was seen by Becky and Asif as a fiduciary of the company because her relationship with the other shareholders was supposed to be one of confidence and trust. Candy owed legal and ethical duties to the company as well as to Becky & Asif which she did not honor. She did not exercise due care while carrying out her duty and did not subordinate her personal interests to the organization of the company. Candy abused her position of reliance at the co mpany in spite of the fact that Becky & Asif expected her to devote her full working efforts and time to the interests of the company and to stay away from any doings that would conflict or distract the company interests.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Theology Reflections Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theology Reflections Paper - Essay Example According to the bible, Jesus said that He could come back at the end of this generation and resurrect all people, both the righteous and the evil doers (John 5:29; Acts 24:15). This is the Day of Judgment. There is more stress in the bible regarding everybody; both the dead and alive will be alive when Jesus returns will all be judged. Judgment will not only include individuals but also the nations (Matt 25:32). Paul also talks about those who will be judged. He says no one will be spared in the final day when Christ returns (Rom2:6-9). Many Christians hold a view that judgment is for the nonbelievers. This is a wrong view according to the teaching of Paul. Paul explains that God will put his people to judgment. He further says that, during this day, all people will line up to receive their dues for their good and bad deeds (2 Cor 5:10; cf. Rom14:10). Those who believe in Christ and make a union with him will be relieved off the judgment. Jesus said that those who hear his word and follow his ways will not come to judgment in the last day. They will instead have eternal life (John 5:24). Jesus further says that those who know his word and do as the will of God says will be punished. This was said in reference to the slaves who did not do as their master wanted; they are to receive severer beating (Luke 12:47-48). Form the text about judgment; it is revealed that all people will be judged regardless of their social, spiritual or religious roles. As a Christian, I should always aim to do good at all time since the judgment day will spare none. From this, I learn that I should take be accountable for every action I take. Further lessons from judgment teach us not judge others on their actions since it only God who can punish us for our actions. Judgment helps Christians to check their ways and be thoughtful about whatever they do. Through minding their

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Women and Religion Essay Example for Free

Women and Religion Essay Recognizing in religion one of the most powerful institutions for perpetuating sexism and patriarchal authority, feminists have responded in different ways. Some reject all forms of religion, believing that it is an oppressive and negative force, a trap which hinders women in the struggle for material change in their lives. Others believe that there is a spiritual as well as a material aspect to life, and seek alternatives to male-defined religions in goddess worship and other forms of woman centered theology. Still others, while recognizing the patriarchal bias of Christianity, Judaism and Islam, believe that there are spiritual truths in these religions which cannot be denied, and feel that it is therefore necessary to work for reform from within, rather than breaking away (Allen 272). Some religious feminists work for equality, while others believe that female superiority should be recognized in spiritual matters; some reject what they consider oppressive traditions, while others believe that there is strength to be found in reclaiming and redefining womens traditional roles. Like all patriarchal religions, Christianity has been instrumental in creating, perpetuating, and justifying womens oppression. Yet although the Christian church has been for many centuries the most oppressive institution, forcing women to submit to the rule of their fathers and husbands as stand ins for God, this oppression is not necessarily inherent in the religion, and many women have found in it spiritual liberation and truth. Christian teachings may be emphasized and interpreted in varied and quite contradictory ways, as proven by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her co-authors in The Womans Bible, and modern scholars have re-examined the New Testament to argue that despite later interpretations, Jesus was free from sexual prejudice (Allen 273). During the puritan revolution of the mid-seventeenth century the entrenched sexism of the church was challenged as the concept that all human souls are equal in the sight of God gathered force. The more radical puritan sects took the idea of spiritual equality to its logical conclusion, accepting the authority of the spirit over that of church or state, even if that spirit happened to be manifested in a woman or a child. Although not widespread,  and soon subdued, the very existence of this idea allowed feminist theory to develop within women who still defined themselves as Christian (Maitland 217). The discrepancy between Christian ideals and the actual treatment of women within the church began to attract more attention in the 1960s and 1970s as more and more women were influenced by feminist ideas. Individual instances of injustice began to be seen as part of a pattern of sexism. But as women began making demands of their churches they encountered a deep, often hostile, resistance to change, and were forced to ask historical and theological questions of Christianity in a search for the roots of its sexism. In A Map of the New Country: Women and Christianity Sara Maitland argues that the root of the problem lies in the ancient heresy of dualism: the idea that the wholeness of Gods creation can be divided into two and labelled good (spirit) or bad (flesh). According to Maitland: Dualism is a fundamental ground of oppression-the ability to assert that me and mine are better than that which is Other, and justifying this by making God, the ultimate Other, over in ones own imageFeminist theology perceives that dualistic splits are the cause not just of sexism, but of racism, classism, and ecological destruction. How far feminist theology may depart from accepted doctrine and still be considered Christian is a problem faced by feminists struggling to reconcile their spiritual with their political feelings. Some Christian feminist groups are church-linked, others are interdenominational, and others have moved, like philosopher Mary Daly, once a respected Catholic theologian, now declaring herself unconfined by the teachings of church or man, into the new realm of spiritual feminism. In Britain, the Christian Feminist Movement began in 1978 as an active group concerned with examining feminist issues from a Christian viewpoint, and challenging sexism both within and outside the church. They are separate from, but closely involved with, the Christian Womens Information and  Resource Service, a network linking people working to change the position of women in the church, which hopefully will be done soon (Allen 72).

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Comparrison Donnie Darko, 2001: A Space Odyssey Essay -- essays resear

Donnie Darko and 2001: A Space Odyssey has central meanings that focus on science and religion. Richard Kelly's, Donnie Darko, introduces the protagonist as a teenage boy who is given the chance to live for twenty-eight more days after the mysterious jet engine crash that was intended to kill him. Donnie is plagued by visions of a giant sized evil-looking rabbit named Frank. Frank orders Donnie to commit acts of violence, warns of the impending end of the world, and is his guide throughout the movie. Donnie is portrayed as a Christ-like figure that will ultimately travel back in time not only to redeem his actions, but the actions of those he has affected. When Donnie dies he becomes a martyr and saves the world, like Christ. Stanley Kubrick's, 2001: A Space Odyssey portrays human evolution while being guided by a higher intelligence. Although this higher intelligence is anonymous throughout the movie, it has placed mysterious stone structures known as "monoliths" on the moon, Saturn, and Earth. These monoliths have purposively been around for over 4,000 years and are a symbol of evolution. At each new level of human achievement, the monolith is present. The scene in A Space Odyssey, where astronaut David Bowman lands on the enigmatic monolith, focuses on an evolutionary theme, whereas the montage scene in Donnie Darko shows the reverse of time followed by Donnie laughing in bed awaiting death, thus unraveling an underlying Christian theme in which Donnie is Christ-like for sacrificing himself to save the world. The sequence that portrays the central meaning in Donnie Darko is disclosed in the montage, consisting of scenes throughout the movie being shown in reverse. During the montage the jet engine from Mrs. Darko’s plane is seen crashing through the sky. Normally an engine would crash into the ground, but it travels through a surreal portal, which is a sign of divine intervention. It is now known that the engine's destination is towards Donnie's bedroom, as indicated in the beginning and ending of the film. The ensuing shots are taken from scenes that occurred earlier in the movie, filmed in reverse, indicating that Donnie is traveling back into time. As the montage progresses, Donnie reads the letter that he has written to Roberta Sparrow. He says, "I can breathe a sigh of relief... ...plaining how humans have accomplished and triumphed over the physical domain, a feat that can not be attained by animals. These elements attribute to the belief that humans have reached yet a higher level of evolution. Donnie Darko and 2001: A Space Odyssey has two contrasting central meanings. Darko has a religious central meaning in which Donnie is Christ-like whereas A Space Odyssey is focused towards science and evolution. Both scenes have unique ways of portraying this central meaning. Donnie Darko uses a montage scene in which time is reversed and Donnie learns to accept his imminent death. A Space Odyssey uses a scene that takes place in a futuristic setting and the main character transforms from a physical being to a spiritual space baby. Works Cited 2001 A Space Odyssey. Dir. Stanley Kubrick. Perf. Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood, and William Sylvester. February 3, 2004. DVD. Warner Studios, 1968. Donnie Darko. Dir. Richard Kelly. Perf. Jake Gyllenhaal, Holmes Osborne, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Daveigh Chase, Mary McDonnell, Patrick Swayze, Drew Barrymore, and James Duval. September 7, 2004. Videocassette. Fox Home Entertainment, 2001.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Ex-Basketball Player Essay

Life is like a circus. It has cyclic patterns of ups and downs. People celebrate the ups and struggle with the downs. Sometimes people are happy and there are times when they are not. Sometimes they are lucky, sometimes not. What is important is people learn from life’s experiences and survive its challenges. John Updike’s poem, â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player† (Updike 1993) is a simple portrayal of a man who experienced the ups in his youth and settled with the fall. The poem confirms that a person’s future depends solely on himself and how he wants it to be. This paper discusses this thesis with a thorough analysis of the poem â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player† (Updike 1993) based on the elements theme, characters and style and with reference to the poet’s life and works. Background John Updike (1932-) wrote the poem â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player† in 1954. (J. H. Updike (1932-) 2004) It is among his works that were based on real life situations. Updike wrote other legendary novels and short stories as well. Among them, â€Å"Centaur† (J. H. Updike (1932-) 2004) in 1963 which used legends and myths to depict the life and relationship of a father and a son; â€Å"Rabbit is Rich and Rabbit at Rest† (J. H. Updike (1932-) 2004) both won Pulitzer Prize in the ‘80’s and were about the plagues in society or the AIDS in America. (J. H. Updike (1932-) 2004) Though Updike’s poems were not his carrier, Ex-Basketball Player became very popular especially to students and young athletes. According to the article Inside Game, it was even read widely during the recent NCAA finals, more popular than Shakespeare. (Inside Game) Updike’s comment was: I am surprised it still speaks to young readers, since much of the imagery—ESSO gas pumps, small-town garages, lemon phosphates, Nibs, and Juju Beads—has become obsolete. The garage I had in mind (also found in my early novel The Centaur) has long since become a Turkey Hill Minimarket. But perhaps the curve of adolescent success and adult disappointment is still with us, and Flick’s failure to produce a second act in his life’s drama worthy of the first is still a useful American metaphor. (Inside Game) Indeed, the setting and the mood of the poem projects the era of the blue jeans, like that of the Westside Story where most teenagers work as gasoline boys or automotive repairmen. Updike also likened the poem to â€Å"Rabbit, Run† (Inside Game) and his short story â€Å"Ace in the Hole† (Inside Game) which were both written in the ‘50’s. All of these were influenced by the author’s life in Pennsylvania when he was growing up. He said that he used to watch a lot of basketball games because his father was a high school teacher and a ticket taker. These experiences made strong impression to him; â€Å"the glory of home-town athletic stars and their often anti-climactic post-graduation careers†. (Inside Game)

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Security challenges faced

Cyber-crimes are described as crimes either created by the internet or aided by the internet. The danger posed by cyber crime to Australia and global community is discussed.Security challenges faced in the future are predicted using the ‘Law of accelerating returns’ where technological expansion rate is exponential. This renders long-term predictions of cyber-related developments difficult to make. With technological advancements, young people continue to integrate their personal life into widespread computer networks.This is aided by social networking sites which are used by cyber criminals to collect personal information and the lack of vigilance displayed by these young generation. They continue to be reckless despite better awareness.Tracking the trends of cyber crime is not well coordinated but available information indicates an increase in cyber crime which is interestingly linked more to the human element than technological advances. This indicates that people con tinue to make poor choices with regards to risk.Cyber crime is set to increase in the next five years as organized criminal groups consolidate. Most of these groups are based mainly in Eastern Europe but will probably spread to Asia. With the target of making criminal profit there has been the creation of almost undetectable infiltration software.The use of sophisticated software to perpetrate crime like the botnet where compromised computers are organized into a network and used by criminals.Botnets present a high risk for online fraud in the future. Phishing, where an unsuspecting user is tricked to think they are communicating with their bank to obtain their password is likely to continue. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks which flood an internet site to take the site offline will continue and be used to hold at ransom companies and disturb activities of response teams.In a recent cyber attack in Australia during Cyber Storm 2 cyberwar-game event demonstrated major weaknesses that led to successful attacks in all areas of business. All indicators are that in the next years, not much improvement would have been made in response to cyber attacks.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Chief Bromden Essays

Chief Bromden Essays Chief Bromden Paper Chief Bromden Paper Throughout Ken Keseys tremendous novel, One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, the character of Chief Bromden develops from: a damaged, diminished man to a fully reformed human being. Randle McMurphy, a brawling gambling man enters the terrifying grey world of the institute, but he is there by choice after pleading insanity to escape prison. The arrival of McMurphy contributes to the progression of Bromdens maturity. At the beginning of the novel Chief Bromdens paranoid character is emphasised by the repetition of his fear of the combine and the thick clouds of fog which it emits to control the patients. Chief Bromdens fear of the machinery which makes up the combine is revealed in the description of nurse Ratched when she is first introduced to the novel, Shes got that bag full of a thousand parts she aims to use in her duties today wheels and gears . . . This shows the paranoia of chief Bromden as he believes the nurse is trying to implant machinery into the patients to make them a part of the combine. This word choice helps to emphasise that the Chief is afraid of being combined and his humanity taken away. Chief Bromden believes that when the combine begins to lose its grip on the patients it emits a thick fog to subdue the patients. They start the fog machine again its snowing down cold and white all over me like skimmed milk This effective use of a simile emphasises how Chief Bromden feels that the combine has a grasp on him and he cannot escape from it. Chief Bromdens social retardation is again displayed by him being referred to as an acute, emphasisng the severe state of the patients. When McMurphy first enters; The aides have him sweeping a l-large part of the time. Theres not m-much else he can do, I guess. Hes deaf. This illustrates his disability and his stuttering, shown by alliteration, reinforces the idea that he is mentally ruined. Bromdens speech barrier is shown yet again when he says Hes de-de-deef and dumb, this alliteration is symbolic in that Bromden is trying to come out of his shell, therefore his stutter relates to how he, as a person, does not flow either. It also highlights Chief Bromdens social disability as he spends his day sweeping by himself and also the patients believe him to be deaf and dumb emphasising how he must have had no social interactions with the other patients who are in the combine. As the novel develops Chief Bromdens character begins to transform, this development is helped by the introduction of McMurphy, who, from very early on has an inclination that the Chief is not actually deaf and dumb. Why, you sure did give a jump when I told you that the coon was coming, Chief. I thought someone told me you was deef. This shows how very early on in the novel McMurphy begins to realise that Chief Bromden is not actually deaf and dumb. This is the turning point in the novel for Chief Bromdens character, after this meeting with McMurphy his character begins to change. First time in a long time Im in bed without taking that little red capsule, emphasisng Chief Bromdens change of character. As the novel progresses so does Chief Bromden. I was kind of amazed that Id remembered that. It was the first time in what seemed to me centuries that Id been able to remember, much about my childhood. These memories which Chief Bromden recounts are the memories when he first feels neglected, thus he has found the reason for his sickness and now knows he can be cured.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

The Process of Patent Assignment

The Process of Patent Assignment Assignment has two related meanings in the world of inventing and patenting. For trademarks,  an assignment  is a transfer of ownership of a trademark application or trademark registration from one entity to another, and for patents, an assignment involves the sale and transfer of ownership of a patent by the assignor to the assignee. The assignee is the entity that is the recipient of a transfer of a patent application, patent, trademark application, or trademark registration from its owner on record, the assignor. In patent assignments, the assignor will make an instant profit off of selling its patent, while the assignee gets rights to royalties and all future profits from the invention. You can assign the ownership of a patent application or patent. For all U.S. patents, assignments are recorded with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Assignment Services Division to keep the title clear  to pending patent applications and patents;  assignments can be searched on the USPTO website. Assignments arent always a voluntary transaction. For instance, an employee invention may be mandatorily assigned by an employee to the employer because of the contract that the employee has signed. For this reason, there are a number of laws and regulations surrounding patent assignments  that govern how the patent is handled and who owns individual patents. In contrast to patent licensing, an assignment is an irrevocable and permanent transfer of ownership. How to Apply Whether youre hoping to change ownership to another entity or party through assignment or hoping to change the name of a patent while its pending approval, you need to fill out an official Patent Assignment Recordation Coversheet by completing online forms at the USPTOs Assignment Recordation Branch website. This online system, known as the Electronic Patent Assignment System (EPAS), can be used to submit your cover sheet and supporting legal documentation online, which the USPTO will then process. If you are unsure about whether your patent has been granted an assignment, you can search  the database of all recorded patent assignment information, which dates back to 1980. For patents earlier than 1980, you can go to the National Archives and Records Administration and request a copy of accompanying paperwork. How Long It Takes and Why According to the USPTO, getting a patent can take up to three years, so if youre hoping to start making money off of a new invention, selling the patent for your product and applying for a patent assignment may be the fastest way to actually see a return of investment on your new creation. Although the patent application assignment wont get your patent faster, it can assure the inventor and assignee are protected when it comes to ownership and rights. As a result, an assignment may be appropriate where the patent owner prefers to receive a lump-sum price at the time of the assignment rather than collecting royalties. Since a patent prevents other manufacturers from re-creating and selling your original concept, both you and the assignee would benefit from ensuring that once the invention becomes officially patented, it belongs to the right individual and no one else.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Christmas article summary one page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christmas article summary one page - Essay Example The beans were a symbol of divination but were later replaced with money. Christmas candles were actually used for magic, rituals but the Aryans took them around the world, and they eventually entered Christianity through catholic as well as orthodox churches. The Christmas season characterized by the twelve days actually came from the Aryans who believed that the twelve days were the days in which gods of the seasons rested. It is important to note that birthday of the Sun god Mithras occurred on 25Â  December and the day was dedicated to worship the sun. However, early orthodox churches changed the day to mark celebration of the birth of Jesus. Christmas fires could have originated from the worship of the sun on 25December. Most interestingly, the Christmas tree originated from ancient worship of god Attis as the man who turned to a tree. Santa Claus was actually a reflection of Saint Nicholas, the man who made personal sacrifice for the